CONVICT CONNECTIONS

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My oldest grandchild, Jacob, is reputed to be a descendant via his maternal line of a Jamaican-born convict, John Martin, who was transported to Botany Bay in 1788 aboard the “Alexander” — but the story for me actually started in 1988. Back then, the lead singer in my band (Rantan Bush Band) was my old mate Tony Miles (now deceased), and he had obtained a grant to write some songs to celebrate Australia’s Bi-Centenary. I had helped record the demo tapes for some of these songs.

One day, Tony arrived with a new song he had written, and he said to me, “Did you know that there were some black people amongst the convicts in the First Fleet?” Of course, I had never heard that before, and Tony went on to say that he had written a song about one of them … a man called John Martin! So, you can imagine my surprise when, in 2008, I heard that my new grandson was a descendant of this same John Martin.

At this time, I do not as yet know the exact line that connects my grandson to this First Fleet convict; however, John Martin had several children by his wife Mary Randall, whose father was also a convict transported on the “Alexander”. These following articles, two written by other descendants, tell the story. I have edited these articles for style and added some illustrations — Alan Craig, 2025

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1. JOHN RANDALL — “Alexander”  by Rod Best

John Randall, was an African slave of Captain John Randall of Stonington, Connecticut, United States of America. When he later joined the NSW Corps he gave his place of birth as New Haven, Connecticut. The first certain record for him is his conviction at Manchester Quarter Sessions, England, in April 1785. It is surmised that, because of his later career, he might have sought his freedom through being recruited as a musician to a British regiment and then travelled with that regiment to England in around 1783. Following his sentence for 7 years for stealing a watch chain, he was gaoled on the “Ceres” Hulk and then transported to Botany Bay aboard the “Alexander” in the First Fleet.¹C. Pybus, Black Founders (UNSW Press, Kensington, 2006), p.186. Randall was described as “about six feet high, well made and straight.”²M. Gillen, The Founders of Australia (Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989,) p.298.

Randall (then aged about 24) firstly married Esther Howard (then aged 38) in February 1788, but she died in October 1789. He then had a daughter Frances who was born before 1792 by an unknown mother. Then, in September 1790, he married for a second time, to Mary Butler. Mary was Irish, and had been convicted of stealing beans at Covent Garden in London.³M. Flynn, The Second Fleet (Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1993), p.187.  John and Mary were one of five couples all married on the one day with the same witnesses at St Johns, Parramatta. They had two children who survived: Mary (b. 1793); and John T (b. 1797). Their mother Mary died on 29 July 1802.

Following Mary’s death, Randall had a de facto wife, Fanny, by whom he had four children. Of these four children, the two boys died in an accident in 1816. In 1822, Fanny asked that the two girls be admitted to the Parramatta Native Institution as she was a widow. The Native Institution was, needless to say, for Aboriginal children which (unless Fanny was Aboriginal) these children were not. Of the two girls, Eliza (b. 1814) was rejected as being too old. Ann (b. 1817) was admitted and was still there when the Institution closed in 1829. When admitted in 1823, it was recorded that she “spelled and sewed well” even though she suffered ophthalmia. On the closure of the Institution she was fostered by the Rev Robert Cartwright who fostered all 10 of the children remaining. However, he had to return Ann to her mother (Fanny) “because of the injury sustained by the Aboriginal children from witnessing [her] vicious conduct.”⁴J. Brook & J.L. Kohen, The Parramatta Native Institution and the Black Town: A History (UNSW Press, Kensington, 1991), pp.224-5.

Randall was a game keeper for the commanding officer of the NSW Corps and continued in this role following the expiration of his sentence in 1792 until he joined the NSW Corps in 1801. On 15 October 1793, four men with blackened faces broke into his Northern Boundaries farm and beat up his two convict labourers. They escaped without stealing anything. This property (of 60 acres)⁵Randall received a grant of 60 acres and Martin only 50 acres, implying Randall had a child which would have entitled him to an extra 10 acres. The child may have been Frances. had been granted to him when he finished his sentence. He was not there at the time of the home invasion, and presumably did not live there because of his duties as game-keeper.⁶C. Pybus, Black Founders (UNSW Press, Kensington, 2006), p.129. He sold this land to General Joseph Holt when Randall joined the Corps.

While living near Government House (whether Sydney or Parramatta is unclear, but certainly as part of his employment to the commanding officer), he was caught stealing glasses and other items from Government House in 1799. The Governor, John Hunter, did not press the charges, and so they were dismissed. In 1800, he sued Kit Murphy for the return of a pound of tea that she alleged he had given to her as an inducement to have sex.⁷C. Pybus, Black Founders (UNSW Press, Kensington, 2006,) p.140.

At the time he joined the Corps, he was noted for playing the flute and tambour (a type of drum). In 1801, he was part of the Regimental band that played every morning on the parade ground at present day Wynyard. Upon discharge in April 1810 from the Corps, Randall lived on a small holding at Kissing Point. He then moved with Fanny and their children to Pittwater in 1815. As noted above, Fanny claimed him to be dead in 1822.

In 1811, Mary’s eldest half-sister, Frances, married John Aitken. Aitken, who was of African descent, arrived free on the “Marquis Cornwallis” in 1796. Some family members have stated that Aitken came from Jamaica.⁸G. Millhouse, The Settlers of West Pennant Hills Valley 1799 onwards (Hills District Historical Society, Castle Hill, 1987), p.35.  As late as 1929, grandsons of Frances and Aitken were described as “dark skinned, aquiline features with fuzzy iron-grey hair.”⁹Sunday Truth, 27 October 1929, quoted in G. Millhouse, The Settlers of West Pennant Hills Valley 1799 onwards (Hills District Historical Society, Castle Hill, 1987), p.35. He was a carpenter by trade, and had rented a farm at Northern Boundary by at least 1803. Aitken served in the Parramatta Loyal Association between 1803-05 as a private. Aitken received his first grant of 30 acres of land in 1821. The grant is roughly bounded by current day Taylor Street, Aitken and Hill Roads, West Pennant Hills. Aitken Road is named after this family, and later became known as “Dixie Land” in reference to the African slaves of the southern United States.¹⁰The earliest recorded usage of ‘Dixie Land’ or ‘Dixie Lane’ that has so far been found was in 1896: Cumberland Argus and Fruitgrowers Advocate, December 1896, quoted in G. Millhouse The Settlers of West Pennant Hills Valley 1799 onwards (Hills District Historical Society, Castle Hill, 1987) p.33; R. Fairall, The Afro-Australians: The Randall/Martin Families and the First Fleet, Sydney 1788 http://freepages.genealogy.rootswebb.ancestry.com accessed 08 July 2015.

Frances and Aitken had at least 8 children: Maria (1809-1887) married Samuel Pateman (1815-1899); Mary Anne (1811-1817); John (1813-1883) married Mary Holland Cronin. One of their sons, William Joseph Aitken, married Hannah Bellamy and farmed land opposite Pennant Hills Hotel which he called ‘Hillside’ however the locals called it ‘Blackacres’¹¹G. Millhouse, The Settlers of West Pennant Hills Valley 1799 onwards (Hills District Historical Society, Castle Hill, 1987), p.39. and it was as ‘Blackacres’ that it was subdivided and the local rifle range established; James (b. 1814); William (1816-1869) married Mary Ann Doyle (1816-1918) – he was a local timber getter;¹²J. Kohen, The Darug and their Neighbours (Darug Link, Blacktown, 1993) p.103; G. Millhouse The Settlers of West Pennant Hills Valley 1799 onwards (Hills District Historical Society, Castle Hill, 1987), p.36. Esther (1818-1911) married Moses Fonseed and secondly Roger Hurst; Frances (b. 1824); and Mary Ann (b. 1835)

After their daughter Frances was born in 1824, Frances and Aitken seem to have separated, as he placed an advertisement saying that he would not be responsible for her debts.¹³Sydney Gazette, 26 April 1824. Aitken died around 1840 and Frances then married William Brown. Frances and Brown had seven children together. She died 26 October 1870, aged 78 years, and was buried in Balmain Cemetery, Leichhardt.¹⁴G. Millhouse, The Settlers of West Pennant Hills Valley 1799 onwards (Hills District Historical Society, Castle Hill, 1987), p.36.

By 1807, Mary (then aged 14) had her first child to her father’s friend, John Martin (then aged 61). They married in 1812. Martin was an African seaman from the American colonies who came to England and was sentenced at the Old Bailey, London, for 7 years transportation. He was convicted for the theft of a number of items of clothing. Initially held in Newgate in 1782, he was placed on the “Den Keyser” for transportation to the island of Goree, off the coast of modern day Ghana. He was removed from this ship as he had typhus, and was returned to Newgate. Like Randall he was then held on the “Ceres” hulk (in his case, from 1785) before also travelling on the “Alexander” to Botany Bay as part of the First Fleet.¹⁵C. Pybus, Black Founders (UNSW Press, Kensington, 2006), p.59.

In the first winter following his arrival in 1788, Martin was flogged with 25 lashes for lighting a fire inside his hut to keep warm — despite orders to the contrary for fear of the huts being burnt down. In 1789, Martin spoke out at being kept as a convict because no records of his original sentence had been sent to the Colony and when he (correctly) claimed that his sentence had expired. Martin married Ann Toy in August 1792 and signed the marriage register with his name.¹⁶M. Flynn, The Second Fleet (Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1993), p.576.

When the expiration of his sentence was recognised, he received a grant of 50 acres in November 1792. This grant was next to that of Randall. In 1798, he was the last of the original settlers at what was now called ‘The Ponds’, but clearly he was having a difficult existence. He was struggling on his farm, and his family remained on the Government Stores. He was described as “a sober industrious man, yet very poor”. By 1806 he was a more successful farmer, and had also been appointed as a constable; but then, in that same year, his first wife died. They had no known children.¹⁷M. Gillen, The Founders of Australia (Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1989), p.239.

In the year following the death of his first wife, Mary Randall and John Martin had their first child. There were eventually 11 children registered to Mary and Martin, although he only acknowledged the first five in his will. They married in St Johns Church, Parramatta, on 12 July 1812:

Their children were: John (1807-1885) married Jane Swindon; Sophia (1809-1870) married firstly John Hackett and secondly George Naylor; Frances (b. 1811) married Thomas Corncrake; Henry (1813-1894) married Mary Ingraham;  Hannah (1815-1871) married Peter Coups;¹⁸They had at least 14 children and this family gave their name to Coups Creek in Fox Valley across which the Comenarra Parkway passes. They were squatting on this land from at least the early 1850s and had a peach orchard there in 1857. A descendant has claimed that this isolated peach orchard was used to produce illicit distilling. — J. Brown, as recorded in Peter Coups, Hannah Martin and Coups Creek Fox Valley http://freepages.genealogy.rootswebb.ancestry.com, accessed 8 July 2015. Richard (1818-1892) married Mary A Cohen; Frederick (1821-1903) married Mary Ann Bowerman and secondly, Martha Sedgewick and thirdly, Charlotte Corns; Mary Ann (1822-1870) married George Bowerman; Amelia (1824-1886) married firstly Frank Spencer and secondly Richard Bowerman;¹⁹Amelia’s daughter Martha (by Frank Spencer) married James Bellamy Snr. Amelia’s daughter Susannah (by Richard Bowerman) married James Bellamy Jnr. — Hornsby Shire Historical Society Pioneers of Hornsby Shire 1788-1906 (Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979), p,93. Harriet (1830-1883); and Nicholas (1832-1902) married Mary Ann Segwick.

John Martin died in December 1837 at the stated age of 88 — although other records would indicate that he might only have been 82. He was buried in an unmarked grave in St John’s Cemetery, Parramatta. In his will (dated 12 days before he died, and which he signed with an X) he described his property as Pennant Hills Road, Field of Mars. His entire estate (apart from the farm) was valued at 25 pounds, from which he left his widow a shilling. His neighbours, Isaac Mobbs and Richard Partridge, were his executors. In 1850, he was still remembered and described as “an old and faithful district constable.”²⁰Sydney Morning Herald, 31 August 1850, p.6.  His home still stands at 204 Pennant Hills Road, Oatlands.²¹R. Withington, Dispatched Downunder (Fellowship of First Fleeters, Woolloomooloo, 2013), p.92.

In 1847, a survey of the Field of Mars Common by J.J. Galloway shows that Mary had  lived as a widow with 12 children (although only 11 are known) somewhere in the vicinity of modern day York Street and Copeland Road, Beecroft since at least 1844.²²T. Patrick, J. Symes, and A. Tink, In search of the Pennant Hills (Pennant Hills Local Studies Group, Kenthurst, 2007), p.162; Hornsby Shire Historical Society, Pioneers of Hornsby Shire 1788-1906 (Library of Australian History, Sydney, 1979), p.49. In 1850, the 70-year-old widow attempted to dismount from a cart in Kissing Point Road while it was still moving, and she was “not being altogether sober”. She severely injured her leg when it went between the spokes of the wheel. The next day, 72-year-old William Hawkins was travelling in the same cart to Kissing Point and was also “a little the worse of liquor”, when he did the same thing and damaged his leg in the spokes.²³Sydney Morning Herald, 31 August 1850, p.6.  Mary Martin née Randall died 27 September 1857, and is buried in St Johns Cemetery, Parramatta, in the same grave as her daughter Harriet.²⁴J. Dunn, The Parramatta Cemeteries: St Johns (Parramatta and District Historical Society, Parramatta, 1991). p.134.

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2. The Tale of First Fleeter JOHN MARTIN

by Ted Westwood, #7264, Member Fellowship of First Fleeters

The Fellowship of First Fleeters newsletter Founders readers have often made enquiries concerning African Americans who were First Fleeters, possibly because of the oddity of their being black men who were probably not born in the British Isles. The two most often mentioned are John Randall and John Martin. Ted Westwood, #7264, a member of the FFF Southern Highlands Chapter, is descended from both men.

Research by the Martin family indicates John was either born in Barbados and went as a slave to America with his parents or was born in America. Obviously owned by a Martin, young John was recruited by the British and became a seaman, having been 20 at the start of the War of Independence. It is assumed Martin must have jumped ship at some stage in England, as he was to be convicted of stealing clothing valued at 68 shillings at the Old Bailey on Wednesday 3 July, 1782, long before the War finished.

Now, the theft of anything over the value of 40 shillings meant a death sentence if found guilty; but, luckily for John at the time, all gaols were full. Many people were being hanged daily, and the grave diggers were unable to keep up, so bodies were either left hanging on the gallows or thrown in the river. This was causing some concern to those with a conscience who were demanding something be done, so John Martin, luckily, had the value of clothing stolen reduced to 39 shillings during the trial, and he then received a sentence of seven years transportation to Gambia via the ship “Den Keyser”. During his voyage John became ill and was off-loaded, sent back to England and to the hulk “Ceres”, where he obviously met John Randall, and was later transferred to “Alexander” on 6 January, 1787.

It is interesting to note that the original destination for this ship was to be Sierra Leone, where the British were trying to establish colonies. Botany Bay was originally discounted as a penal colony due to the huge cost of transport, which was quoted at £50 per capita. The Sierra Leone project became a subject of great public awareness and concern, as most shiploads sent there had all died within a short time. With 1,300 felons incarcerated on five hulks, the situation was very serious. Lord Sydney discarded his objections to Botany Bay in June 1786 by indicating “His Majesty thought to fix on Botany Bay as the destination for his unwanted felons”.

Lord Sydney now expounded on the “fertility and salubrity” of this place, drawing on evidence of Joseph Banks that the land was fertile, climate healthy, while cattle could be “grazed on fine meadows as was ever seen”. Having now sung praises of this haven, Sydney requested Treasury to provide shipping to transport about 800 convicts to its far distant shore. Sydney was now especially enthusiastic about Botany Bay’s location, as it was “so far away from England that it is hardly possible for people to return without permission”. Hence, the First Fleet was established and the rest is well-documented history.

On board the eleven ships, among the hundreds of white convicts, were eleven black men — my ancestors John Randall, John Martin and nine others. During incarceration on “Ceres”, while in transit on “Alexander”, and in the “Botany Bay” colony, it is interesting to note that none of the black men died due to the many diseases experienced by white convicts causing huge loss of life. It is thought this was due to the blacks being inoculated by the British in America when they joined the British Service.

When John Martin arrived in Australia, he had just over one year of his sentence to serve. However, Governor Phillip would not give anyone freedom, as he did not have paperwork to confirm what convicts were saying — it was not until the Third Fleet arrived in July 1792 that paperwork caught up with the convicts, who were then freed if their sentences had expired — by this time John Martin had served over nine years. On 29 August 1788, Martin received 25 lashes for lighting a fire in his hut so he and two others could keep warm — all received this treatment. After being freed in July 1792, Martin married Ann Toy on 26 August at St John’s Church, Parramatta. Ann was a Second Fleet convict, ex “Neptune”, who died on 11 February, 1806 with no issue. On 29 November 1792, Martin was granted 50 acres at the Northern Boundaries. This was the same day John Randall was granted his adjoining 60 acres. The rental was one shilling a year, commencing after 10 years.

Martin basically led an unremarkable life, content to try to grind out a living from his property. After Ann died in 1806, Martin began a relationship with Mary Randall, daughter of his friend John, and their first child was born 17 November, 1807, when Mary was just 13. Altogether, Mary had eleven children, but Martin claimed only five as his.* Their third child, a daughter, Frances, was my ancestor. [* Her last six children were probably born to Henry Pearce, an English convict who arrived on the “Ocean” in 1816; John Martin was given as the ‘father’ on their birth records, but this was likely to avoid scandal —ed.]

John Martin eventually married Mary Randall at St John’s Church, Parramatta, on 20 July 1812, the service being conducted by Samuel Marsden [see the certificate in the previous article]. John was 57 at this time, and Mary 19. On 12 January 1810, Martin was appointed Constable of the Northern Boundaries, which included being Pound-keeper, all for three pence a day. On 25 January 1826, aged 71, he resigned as Constable, and in the 1828 census he was listed as retired on a pension, age 73, and living at the Field of Mars.

John Martin died on his property and was buried in an unmarked grave at St John’s Church, Parramatta, on 22 December 1837. His age was given as 88, which is incorrect. In his will, Martin left ten acres and the house to son Henry, with daughter Sophie to have two rooms. The land was divided into four allotments with ten acres each for John, Sophie, Hannah, and my ancestor Frances, with lots drawn for each. To his wife Mary he left one shilling to prevent her from contesting the will. His horses were divided equally among the children. He signed his will with an ‘X’ twelve days before he died.

Mary Martin died on 27 September 1857, aged 64. At some time she lost a leg, and was bedridden for several years. She was buried at St John’s Church, Parramatta, with her headstone now incorporating a plaque, fitted in 1998, recognising the life of John Martin as a First Fleeter. Martin’s daughter Frances married a Welsh-born convict John Ingram, ex “Dunvegan Castle”, in 1830. Their daughter Eliza married a free settler Thomas Sharp, born in England in 1838. They were married at East Gosford. Their daughter Priscilla married free settler Felix Westwood, born in 1840 at Worcestershire, England, who was my great grandfather. Felix died on June 24 1916, at Rookwood Asylum, with tuberculosis. Priscilla died on 10 April 1930. Both are buried at Rookwood Cemetery.

John Randall and John Martin between them had more than 60 grandchildren, with well over 25,000 Australians able to trace their bloodline to these two First Fleeters. Their original land grants, Nºs. 92 and 93, Book 1A, Page 47, are now the locations of The Kings School and the Church of Christ Theological College, North Parramatta. John Martin’s house, built in 1822, still stands at 204 Pennant Hills Rd, Oatlands.

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3: JOHN MARTIN (c.1757-1837)

Extracts from, Emma Christopher, “A Merciless Place”: The Lost Story of Britain’s Convict Disaster in Africa and How it Led to the Settlement of Australia. Allen & Unwin. Kindle.

John Martin, “a negro”, was chased and caught at once after grabbing a bundle of clothing in a house. He was sentenced at the Old Bailey on 3 July 1782 to transportation for seven years, and on 1 November he was put on the “Den Keyser” for Africa with Thomas Limpus, John Ruglass and Samuel Woodham, together with some 40-odd other convicts, including women. Limpus, Ruglass and Woodham made the voyage, but Martin was brought back sick to Newgate, where he was held until sent to the “Ceres” hulk in 1785, aged 27, and embarked on “Alexander” on 6 January 1787.

At the time of landing at Port Jackson, Martin had technically only one year to serve. On 30 August 1788, he received 25 lashes, with William Davis and John Parker, for lighting a fire in their hut. In July 1789, he was a witness at the trial of John Callaghan.

On 29 November 1792, he received a grant of 50 acres at the Northern Boundary Farms, having married an Ann Joy (“Neptune”, 1790) on 26 August, and was off stores by 24 October 1795. In March 1798, he was noted as the only one of the old settlers remaining at ‘The Ponds’: “a sober industrious man, yet very poor”. By mid-1800, he had sown three acres in wheat, with six acres ready for planting maize. He owned one hog and was stores, but his wife was still publicly rationed. They had no children.

In 1802,  Martin still held his 50 acres, 26 of them clear, nearly nine in wheat and six ready for maize, with two hogs and holding ten bushels of maize. He and his wife were both off stores. In 1806, 27 acres were in grain, one as garden, 20 for pasture and two fallow: he owned two sheep and 12 hogs, six bushels of maize: he was victualled (as a constable), but his wife was not, nor were the one convict and one free man he employed. No children were indicated. Through the years he remained a constable, and also pound-keeper in 1820.

Martin’s wife Ann died at Parramatta on 12 February 1806. He then married a Mary Randall on 20 July 1812; she was probably the daughter of John Randall (another black), born 4 December 1793, with whom he may have been living shortly after his wife’s death. Their children were: John (c.1807); Sophia (c.1809); Francis (c,1810); Henry (c.1813), and Hannah (c.1815).

In 1828, age given as 72, he was pensioned as a constable and still held 50 acres in the Northern Boundary district, with 40 cleared […]

1828 NEW SOUTH WALES CENSUS: Fields of Mar, Greater Sydney

John Martin; 73; free by servitude; Alexander 1788; Protestant; pensioner Constable;
                         50 acres (40 cleared, 15 cultivated; 3 horses, 20 sheep; employs a convict labourer
John Martin (Jun); 21; born in Colony
Sophia Martin; 19; born in Colony
Francis Martin; 18; born in Colony
Henry Martin; 15; born in Colony
Hannah Martin; 13; born in Colony
Susan Martin; 3; born in Colony [child of John Jnr. ?]
Elizabeth Martin; 9m; born in Colony [child of John Jnr. ?]
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Missing from record: Mary Randall, wife (35); Richard (9); Frederick (7); Mary Ann (6); Amelia (1)

[…] The last word, however, should go to John Martin and his descendants. In Sydney, Martin married Ann Joy, a convict who arrived in 1790 aboard the deadly Second Fleet, having been convicted of pawning a stolen violin. By 1795 his farm was doing so well that he was able to support himself, although Ann still received rations from the public store. Martin was said to be ‘a sober industrious man, yet very poor’, still working his land when others in the area had given up. By 1802, the year that Joseph Wall was hanged in London*, Martin held fifty acres of land which he planted with wheat and maize, and he owned two hogs. Four years later, with Ann now living off their produce too, he had twelve hogs and also owned two sheep. He had also become a constable of the local watch. It seemed as if John Martin, despite being ‘very poor’, was really one of the colony’s success stories. Then, in 1806, tragedy struck when Ann died. Martin soon remarried, this time to Mary Randall, the daughter of John Randall, another of the black convicts who had been First Fleeters.

Having had no children by his first wife, five were now born to John and Mary: John, Sophia, Francis, Henry and Hannah. And so a pleasant family life continued for John Martin in the following decades as his children grew up and his wealth steadily increased. By the time he was in his seventies, he owned sheep and two horses, and even employed a convict labourer to work on his farm. He died at the incredible age of eighty-eight, all five of his children outliving him, and was buried at Parramatta.

Today the Martin-Randall descendants number in the thousands and are spread across Australia and the wider world. Some of them identify themselves as Aboriginal (and indeed some of their progeny may have intermarried with indigenous people), some think of themselves as ‘white’, and others are aware of their African-American heritage too. They are the story of Australia. But the very fact of their existence is also testament to how very lucky John Martin was to have been removed, at the very last minute, from the “Den Keyser”, and how very much more fortunate the convicts who arrived in Australia were than their predecessors who had been banished to Martin’s ancestral homeland.

* Note: Joseph Wall, a former colonial administrator, was hanged at Newgate on 29 January 1802 for the murder of a soldier who was flogged to death without a trial under Wall’s orders on the island of Goree off the coast of the Gambia. Goree Island was the place John Martin had originally been transported to aboard the “Den Keyser” before he became ill and was returned to London.

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